标题: MIME小知识
作者: dnawo
日期: 2008-01-11 03:58 PM
分类: 其他
内容: MIME是一种技术规范，它原来是用于电子邮件的，现在也可以用于浏览器上，传送可以供浏览器识别的信息，关于MIME的知识并是十分难懂的，有一些基本的计算机概念就可以理解了，但如果要进一步使用，就必须注意内容。实际上，我们在上网的时候就已经接触到了MIME，只是浏览器和服务器在底层实现了。
MIME有时候被错误地理解为多媒体Internet邮件扩展（Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions），这是一个错误，但是MIME在网上经常用于多媒体应用程序，所以人们以为这是它是多媒体邮件扩展，而实际上它应该被称为多用途Internet邮件扩展（Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions），这一点一定要注意，因为有时候内容里根本没有非文本成份。
MIME对于邮件系统的扩展是巨大的，因为在MIME出现以前，信件内容如果要包括声音和动画，就必须把它变为ASCII码或把二进制的信息变成可以传送的编码标准，而接收方必须经过解码才可以获得声音和图画信息。MIME提供了一种可以在邮件中附加多种不同编码文件的方法。这与原来的邮件是大大不同的。而现在MIME已经成为了HTTP协议标准的一个部分。
MIME是服务器通知客户机传送文件是什么类型的主要方法，客户机浏览器也通过MIME告诉服务器它的参数。在网上，如果接收到的文件没有MIME头，就默认它为HTML格式。但这样也不好，因为当MIME的包头是text/plain时，浏览器将直接显示而不关心它的什么字体，颜色之类的参数，这样显示出来的内容可不是很好看呀。
MIME头是什么样子要看它是用在电子邮件中还是用在浏览器上，两者内容可能有所不同。对于邮件头来说，版本号，内容类型声明，编码方式，内容描述是必不可少的。这是用于邮件头中的格式，在下面，我们将重点说到在HTTP中传送MIME头，这时MIME头要简单一些。
下例是一个邮件的标准MIME头：
Mime-Version: 1.0 //版本号：1.0
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="IMA.Boundary.750407228" //内容类型是多种的
--IMA.Boundary.750407228
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII //内容类型：文本，字符是ASCII的
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit //编码方式：7位
Content-Description: cc:Mail note part
在用于浏览器时，用户不需要知道那么多的信息，所以MIME头就比较简单了。在访问一个网页时，浏览器和服务器之间产生一个会话，作为请求内容的一部分，浏览器发送它能够理解的MIME类型的描述，这就告诉服务器，浏览器除了网页外还可以支持什么，服务器对这个信息一般不作为什么修改。
服务器通过发向客户机的MIME头通知客户浏览器内容是什么，我们看看下面这个头：
Content-type: text/html
在实现的时候，一定要注意MIME头后要跟一个空行，不然这个头会被浏览器忽略，这个头会被当作文本显示出来。当服务器传送GIF图象时，头会如下：
Content-type: image/gif
Content-transfer-encoding: BINARY
通常的MIME内容类型并不起什么作用，浏览器可以自己识别内容的类型，但是如果您使用一些另外的类型，这个问题可就大了，如果你使用了text/postscript，那浏览器会显示下载窗口，或就把这个东西显示出来，那可就不好办了。下面我们介绍一下标准MIME类型。
Text：文本，它用于描述不同类型的文本，包括通常的文本，PostScript和HTML，虽然HTML不是一个可能的子类型。
Multipart：多类型，指出此信息包括多种信息，不止一种类型。
Message：用于标记不同类型的消息。
Application：应用类型。
Image：图象，用于标明图形文件。
Audio：声音，用于标明声音文件。
Video：影象，用于标明动画文件。
每个MIME类型有不同的子类型，实际上，您不可能单独使用类型而不使用子类型，只有一个例外，这就是"telnet"类型。IANA提供45种类型/子类型对支持。当然，标准是开放的，允许用户自定义自己的类型，用户自定义类型要以“X-”开始以示区别。在添加新的类型时，一定要注意，尽量使用已有的类型达到自己的目的。如果非要添加新的类型，一定要保证服务器一方支持这种类型，也要保证客户端也能够通过一些应用程序（如插件）来识别新类型。如果您的网站的访问者很广，不要轻易使用新类型，要么使用已有的类型，或者向IANA提出注册请求。
MIME一览
扩展名 类型/子类型
123 application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3
3gp video/3gpp
aab application/x-authoware-bin
aam application/x-authoware-map
aas application/x-authoware-seg
ai application/postscript
aif audio/x-aiff
aifc audio/x-aiff
aiff audio/x-aiff
als audio/X-Alpha5
amc application/x-mpeg
ani application/octet-stream
apk application/vnd.android.package-archive
asc text/plain
asd application/astound
asf video/x-ms-asf
asn application/astound
asp application/x-asap
asx video/x-ms-asf
au audio/basic
avb application/octet-stream
avi video/x-msvideo
awb audio/amr-wb
bcpio application/x-bcpio
bin application/octet-stream
bld application/bld
bld2 application/bld2
bmp application/x-MS-bmp
bpk application/octet-stream
bz2 application/x-bzip2
cal image/x-cals
ccn application/x-cnc
cco application/x-cocoa
cdf application/x-netcdf
cgi magnus-internal/cgi
chat application/x-chat
class application/octet-stream
clp application/x-msclip
cmx application/x-cmx
co application/x-cult3d-object
cod image/cis-cod
cpio application/x-cpio
cpt application/mac-compactpro
crd application/x-mscardfile
csh application/x-csh
csm chemical/x-csml
csml chemical/x-csml
css text/css
cur application/octet-stream
dcm x-lml/x-evm
dcr application/x-director
dcx image/x-dcx
dhtml text/html
dir application/x-director
dll application/octet-stream
dmg application/octet-stream
dms application/octet-stream
doc application/msword
dot application/x-dot
dvi application/x-dvi
dwf drawing/x-dwf
dwg application/x-autocad
dxf application/x-autocad
dxr application/x-director
ebk application/x-expandedbook
emb chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
embl chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
eps application/postscript
eri image/x-eri
es audio/echospeech
esl audio/echospeech
etc application/x-earthtime
etx text/x-setext
evm x-lml/x-evm
evy application/x-envoy
exe application/octet-stream
fh4 image/x-freehand
fh5 image/x-freehand
fhc image/x-freehand
fif image/fif
fm application/x-maker
fpx image/x-fpx
fvi video/isivideo
gau chemical/x-gaussian-input
gca application/x-gca-compressed
gdb x-lml/x-gdb
gif image/gif
gps application/x-gps
gtar application/x-gtar
gz application/x-gzip
hdf application/x-hdf
hdm text/x-hdml
hdml text/x-hdml
hlp application/winhlp
hqx application/mac-binhex40
htm text/html
html text/html
hts text/html
ice x-conference/x-cooltalk
ico application/octet-stream
ief image/ief
ifm image/gif
ifs image/ifs
imy audio/melody
ins application/x-NET-Install
ips application/x-ipscript
ipx application/x-ipix
it audio/x-mod
itz audio/x-mod
ivr i-world/i-vrml
j2k image/j2k
jad text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor
jam application/x-jam
jar application/java-archive
jnlp application/x-java-jnlp-file
jpe image/jpeg
jpeg image/jpeg
jpg image/jpeg
jpz image/jpeg
js application/x-javascript
jwc application/jwc
kjx application/x-kjx
lak x-lml/x-lak
latex application/x-latex
lcc application/fastman
lcl application/x-digitalloca
lcr application/x-digitalloca
lgh application/lgh
lha application/octet-stream
lml x-lml/x-lml
lmlpack x-lml/x-lmlpack
lsf video/x-ms-asf
lsx video/x-ms-asf
lzh application/x-lzh
m13 application/x-msmediaview
m14 application/x-msmediaview
m15 audio/x-mod
m3u audio/x-mpegurl
m3url audio/x-mpegurl
ma1 audio/ma1
ma2 audio/ma2
ma3 audio/ma3
ma5 audio/ma5
man application/x-troff-man
map magnus-internal/imagemap
mbd application/mbedlet
mct application/x-mascot
mdb application/x-msaccess
mdz audio/x-mod
me application/x-troff-me
mel text/x-vmel
mi application/x-mif
mid audio/midi
midi audio/midi
mif application/x-mif
mil image/x-cals
mio audio/x-mio
mmf application/x-skt-lbs
mng video/x-mng
mny application/x-msmoney
moc application/x-mocha
mocha application/x-mocha
mod audio/x-mod
mof application/x-yumekara
mol chemical/x-mdl-molfile
mop chemical/x-mopac-input
mov video/quicktime
movie video/x-sgi-movie
mp2 audio/x-mpeg
mp3 audio/x-mpeg
mp4 video/mp4
mpc application/vnd.mpohun.certificate
mpe video/mpeg
mpeg video/mpeg
mpg video/mpeg
mpg4 video/mp4
mpga audio/mpeg
mpn application/vnd.mophun.application
mpp application/vnd.ms-project
mps application/x-mapserver
mrl text/x-mrml
mrm application/x-mrm
ms application/x-troff-ms
mts application/metastream
mtx application/metastream
mtz application/metastream
mzv application/metastream
nar application/zip
nbmp image/nbmp
nc application/x-netcdf
ndb x-lml/x-ndb
ndwn application/ndwn
nif application/x-nif
nmz application/x-scream
nokia-op-logo image/vnd.nok-oplogo-color
npx application/x-netfpx
nsnd audio/nsnd
nth application/vnd.nok-s40theme
nva application/x-neva1
oda application/oda
oom application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin
pac audio/x-pac
pae audio/x-epac
pan application/x-pan
pbm image/x-portable-bitmap
pcx image/x-pcx
pda image/x-pda
pdb chemical/x-pdb
pdf application/pdf
pfr application/font-tdpfr
pgm image/x-portable-graymap
pict image/x-pict
pm application/x-perl
pmd application/x-pmd
png image/png
pnm image/x-portable-anymap
pnz image/png
pot application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
ppm image/x-portable-pixmap
pps application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
ppt application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
pqf application/x-cprplayer
pqi application/cprplayer
prc application/x-prc
proxy application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig
ps application/postscript
ptlk application/listenup
pub application/x-mspublisher
pvx video/x-pv-pvx
qcp audio/vnd.qcelp
qt video/quicktime
qti image/x-quicktime
qtif image/x-quicktime
r3t text/vnd.rn-realtext3d
ra audio/x-pn-realaudio
ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
rar application/x-rar-compressed
ras image/x-cmu-raster
rdf application/rdf+xml
rf image/vnd.rn-realflash
rgb image/x-rgb
rlf application/x-richlink
rm audio/x-pn-realaudio
rmf audio/x-rmf
rmm audio/x-pn-realaudio
rmvb audio/x-pn-realaudio
rnx application/vnd.rn-realplayer
roff application/x-troff
rp image/vnd.rn-realpix
rpm audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin
rt text/vnd.rn-realtext
rte x-lml/x-gps
rtf application/rtf
rtg application/metastream
rtx text/richtext
rv video/vnd.rn-realvideo
rwc application/x-rogerwilco
s3m audio/x-mod
s3z audio/x-mod
sca application/x-supercard
scd application/x-msschedule
sdf application/e-score
sea application/x-stuffit
sgm text/x-sgml
sgml text/x-sgml
sh application/x-sh
shar application/x-shar
shtml magnus-internal/parsed-html
shw application/presentations
si6 image/si6
si7 image/vnd.stiwap.sis
si9 image/vnd.lgtwap.sis
sis application/vnd.symbian.install
sit application/x-stuffit
skd application/x-Koan
skm application/x-Koan
skp application/x-Koan
skt application/x-Koan
slc application/x-salsa
smd audio/x-smd
smi application/smil
smil application/smil
smp application/studiom
smz audio/x-smd
snd audio/basic
spc text/x-speech
spl application/futuresplash
spr application/x-sprite
sprite application/x-sprite
spt application/x-spt
src application/x-wais-source
stk application/hyperstudio
stm audio/x-mod
sv4cpio application/x-sv4cpio
sv4crc application/x-sv4crc
svf image/vnd
svg image/svg-xml
svh image/svh
svr x-world/x-svr
swf application/x-shockwave-flash
swfl application/x-shockwave-flash
t application/x-troff
tad application/octet-stream
talk text/x-speech
tar application/x-tar
taz application/x-tar
tbp application/x-timbuktu
tbt application/x-timbuktu
tcl application/x-tcl
tex application/x-tex
texi application/x-texinfo
texinfo application/x-texinfo
tgz application/x-tar
thm application/vnd.eri.thm
tif image/tiff
tiff image/tiff
tki application/x-tkined
tkined application/x-tkined
toc application/toc
toy image/toy
tr application/x-troff
trk x-lml/x-gps
trm application/x-msterminal
tsi audio/tsplayer
tsp application/dsptype
tsv text/tab-separated-values
tsv text/tab-separated-values
ttf application/octet-stream
ttz application/t-time
txt text/plain
ult audio/x-mod
ustar application/x-ustar
uu application/x-uuencode
uue application/x-uuencode
vcd application/x-cdlink
vcf text/x-vcard
vdo video/vdo
vib audio/vib
viv video/vivo
vivo video/vivo
vmd application/vocaltec-media-desc
vmf application/vocaltec-media-file
vmi application/x-dreamcast-vms-info
vms application/x-dreamcast-vms
vox audio/voxware
vqe audio/x-twinvq-plugin
vqf audio/x-twinvq
vql audio/x-twinvq
vre x-world/x-vream
vrml x-world/x-vrml
vrt x-world/x-vrt
vrw x-world/x-vream
vts workbook/formulaone
wav audio/x-wav
wax audio/x-ms-wax
wbmp image/vnd.wap.wbmp
web application/vnd.xara
wi image/wavelet
wis application/x-InstallShield
wm video/x-ms-wm
wma audio/x-ms-wma
wmd application/x-ms-wmd
wmf application/x-msmetafile
wml text/vnd.wap.wml
wmlc application/vnd.wap.wmlc
wmls text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
wmlsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
wmlscript text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
wmv audio/x-ms-wmv
wmx video/x-ms-wmx
wmz application/x-ms-wmz
wpng image/x-up-wpng
wpt x-lml/x-gps
wri application/x-mswrite
wrl x-world/x-vrml
wrz x-world/x-vrml
ws text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
wsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
wv video/wavelet
wvx video/x-ms-wvx
wxl application/x-wxl
x-gzip application/x-gzip
xar application/vnd.xara
xbm image/x-xbitmap
xdm application/x-xdma
xdma application/x-xdma
xdw application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks
xht application/xhtml+xml
xhtm application/xhtml+xml
xhtml application/xhtml+xml
xla application/vnd.ms-excel
xlc application/vnd.ms-excel
xll application/x-excel
xlm application/vnd.ms-excel
xls application/vnd.ms-excel
xlt application/vnd.ms-excel
xlw application/vnd.ms-excel
xm audio/x-mod
xml text/xml
xmz audio/x-mod
xpi application/x-xpinstall
xpm image/x-xpixmap
xsit text/xml
xsl text/xml
xul text/xul
xwd image/x-xwindowdump
xyz chemical/x-pdb
yz1 application/x-yz1
z application/x-compress
zac application/x-zaurus-zac
zip application/zip
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